Interventions for Drug Addiction: Case Study

Intercessions for Drug Addiction: Case Study 18893 Numerous endeavors have been made to show up at an all around satisfactory meaning of compulsion and what causes addictive conduct yet the issue despite everything stays uncertain. Individuals regularly characterize fixation as medication misuse and abuse. To Krivak (1982,p.83), ‘Addiction will be characterized as a standard of conduct described by a continuous and overpowering distraction with the utilized of a medication and the making sure about of its supply.’ This definition could likewise say the someone who is addicted is, ‘Someone who is associated with a movement to such a degree, that it the significant focal point of their life’, (McAllister et all., 1991,p.5). For my task, I include picked a customer inside the criminal equity framework that has a habit issue with sedate abuse. He has been associated with the criminal equity framework as a result of his culpable conduct identifying with illicit medications. I am putting together my task with respect to this customer. I will talk about in my task, sedate clients and the criminal equity framework, the brain science of addictive conduct, Care arranging and various choices of arranging and evaluation, the underlying referral and the inside and out appraisal, strategies for intercession and models of care and medication issues in detainment facilities inside the criminal equity framework. Where there is a dependence on drugs, most medication clients sooner or later come into contact with the criminal equity framework. This is the means by which my customer engaged with the framework. Some medication clients invest times of energy in jail because of medication related culpable conduct. There is an option in contrast to authority and these incorporate fines, network administration, probation and bail, which is dependent upon specific conditions, for example, interest in sedate treatment programs. My customer is dependent upon specific conditions that he takes part in a medication treatment program. Criminal equity requests can be liable to states of habitation for the wrongdoer. For medicate administration laborers, close contact with experts in the criminal equity field of work is ordinary practice. Joint consideration plans are cautiously and delicately conceived to enable the two administrations to work with the medication client in community oriented and valuable ways. Criminal equity specialists are relied upon to work with guilty parties to accomplish explicit goals and these are not generally good with tranquilize administration targets, for instance, decreasing medication related culpable conduct as opposed to disposing of it through and through (Robertson, 1998, p.389). My customer has a dependence on drugs. The brain research of the someone who is addicted includes conduct that takes a tedious structure and is related with increments of nervousness. A few practices that take a monotonous structure are related with increments or diminishes in uneasiness and these are viewed as enthusiastic practices. These sorts of practices can incorporate illicit drug use, betting and exhibitionism. Anyway there are significant differentiations between these sorts of conduct and activity and genuine urgent conduct. Right off the bat addictive practices include a delight looking for segment, which isn't in urgent practices. Besides, the tension associated with the exhibition of crime is suitable considering social authorizations. Over the top enthusiastic patients experience tension that is improper to the circumstance (Oltman, 1995,p11). There are various choices of arranging and evaluating with substance abuse guilty parties in the criminal equity framework. For social laborers, appraisal is a key undertaking and it will decide if a consideration plan is required for the wrongdoer of if an administration is required. The NHS and Community Care Act (1990) gives direction on strategies to appraisal for individuals who are qualified for network care administrations. The evaluation procedure incorporates, the underlying referral, the underlying appraisal and the inside and out appraisal. The evaluation procedure ought to be needs driven and not administration drove. Network care administrations are incredibly sought after and the screening procedure is utilized to figure out who needs the treatment the most. Medication offices undertaking evaluation may get referrals from the criminal equity framework or different organizations. Essential referral structures are filled in with the subtleties of the administration client , for example, factors and the purpose behind referral. My customer has been alluded from the criminal equity framework to a medication organization for evaluation. The underlying meeting with the administration client will decide if they need a more top to bottom appraisal or a conventional consideration plan. Most nearby specialists have certain models and need levels to which they can put together their reaction with respect to. The administration client is determined what is engaged with the evaluation, is told about classification approaches and whether there will be any support of others. The administration clients are determined what to would on the off chance that they like to utilize grievance methodology or claim on the off chance that they are against any choices made at or after the evaluation. The underlying appraisal will decide the reality of the issue and the degree of need required. My customer has increasingly complex needs with his habit issues so he would require a more top to bottom proper appraisal so a consideration plan can be made for him. This evaluation will incorporate individual subtleties, family and connections, social subtleties, noteworthy life occasions, social backings and systems, far reaching history of addictions and related issues. The appraisal will likewise incorporate, treatment history, chance conduct, criminal history and current culpable conduct, money related status, physical wellbeing, emotional wellness issues, over a wide span of time, self ideas, saw needs and the degree of inspiration to address these requirements, individual assets and capacities, assets and capacities of accomplices and carers, other organization evaluations and authority evaluations and the ends and proposed intercessions of the evaluation. Robertson (1998,p.376) recommends that care arranging should included building up a bundle of care, which will meet the client’s needs. Care plans are methodical methodologies and incorporate all the consideration and treatment that will be given and the ideal result. Care plans are checked estimated and inspected and will include the customer, specialist organization, an assessor and a consideration chief. The consideration plan will include data accumulated at the appraisal in a simple to screen design and will show the practices that should be tended to and it will have separate areas for recognizing the necessities of the issue. Associations between the criminal equity framework and the treatment offices direct substance-abusing guilty parties to the suitable administrations. There are numerous activities planned for urging substance misusers to participate in suitable treatment that will support them. In the UK there are twelve stage offices that are likewise know as the ‘Minnesota technique for treatment’. These offices are supported through legal sources. The point of these organizations is to get the reliance on drugs help decrease tranquilize abuse and to enable the customer to surrender medicates totally when they feel prepared to do as such. Three middle of the road points are to help settle the fundamental issues that add to sedate abuse, to enable the customer to acquire control and limit hurt otherwise called hurt minimization (Keene, 1997,p.223). The Government created a medication technique in 1998 in the UK called, ‘Tackling medications to manufacture a superior Britain.’ This was refreshed again in 2002. The methodology sets out the scope of intercessions and strategies to help diminish hurt brought about by utilizing unlawful medications constantly 2008. The medication mediation program used to be known as the criminal equity intercessions program. The administration intends to slice wrongdoing identified with medicate use. This methodology utilizes the criminal equity framework to help direct wrongdoers who utilized medications out of wrongdoing and into treatment. There are various types of mediations utilized by tranquilize administration laborers. Mental mediations are valuable with regards to help treat somebody with an illicit drug use. Proficient psychotherapy is exceptionally viable and great quality medication directing can likewise be powerful. Mental intercessions are, subjective conduct treatment, inspirational meeting, and the twelve-advance treatment program that I talked about before and backslide avoidance. A few people feel that reciprocal and elective treatments are valuable, however there isn't sufficient proof in the populace to back up this case. The model of care, presented by the National Treatment office (NTA), is a structure that is utilized by Drug Services to guarantee that the administrations gave are predictable and address the issues of the administration client. The system is arranged by straightforward level levels and treatment levels. Level one, incorporates essential consideration by medicinal services experts and general professionals that offer clinical types of assistance alongside probation and lodging administrations. Level two (Open Access Services) offers a scope of drop in road offices that offer guidance and backing for energizer clients and substance misusers can drop in when there is an emergency. Level three (Community recommending administrations) is for the most part outfitted towards opium client. Level three, (Structured day programs) are outfitted into giving instruction about medication abuse, and give preparing to work abilities and offer guidance regarding viable issues. Level four, (Resident ial Care) has various frameworks set up for passage in various regions for section into private consideration. The social administrations network care evaluation group as a rule manage the financing. Another alternative for the substance abuse guilty party is inspiration to change. Inspirational meeting depends on utilizing the persuasive change model. The model comprises of five phases with stage one being the pre-consideration stage, stage two the examination stage, three the activity stage, four the support of progress and five the backslide stage. Prochaska and DiClemente are two most popular creators on the importa

Sunni Islam

Sunnis Several years after Muhammad's demise, the different groups of the Islamic confidence were framed. A significant number of Muhammad's family members and buddies were associated with the force battle, and the war at last balanced out when Mu'awiyya, the senator of Syria, assumed responsibility for the Caliphate. This denoted the ascent of the Umayyad dynastyâ which governed Islam for a long while. In spite of the fact that the Qur’an appoints that the division of Muslims into various segments is prohibited, three organizations of Islam created and developed at the finish of the Islamic Civil War.These incorporate the Sunni, Shiite, Ahmadiyya and Karijite. Of these four, the Sunni category is by a wide margin the biggest, containing 90% of the world Muslim populace, with Shi’a involving the second biggest rate. The exacting interpretation of the word Sunni is â€Å"habit† or normal practice. My supposition that will be that the propensity or practice alludes to the activities of Muhammad. So anybody professing to follow the Sunnah, which are the activities of Muhammad and can show that they accept the Hadith, which are portrayals of the activities of Muhammad, can believe oneself to be a Sunni Muslim.People of Sunni direction accept that Muhammad had never picked a replacement his passing and subsequently no one can actually appropriately succeed him or become the succeeding pioneer of the Caliphate other than his nearest mates, or Shahaba. Sunnis belive that solitary the initial four caliphs ought to be viewed as the appropriately driven caliphs. They incorporate Abu Bakr, Umar al-Khattab, Uthman Affan, and Ali Talib. As a matter of fact why there has not been one generally known caliph since 1923 for the whole Islamic religion is because of the way that Islam is separated into these three areas metioned earlier.Although Sunnis acknowledge hadith described by the initial four caliphs, they respect one assortment of hadith t o be the most valid. This is known as the Sahih al Bukhari. The exacting interpretation of sahih is â€Å"authentic†. The Sunni part of Islam has four legitimate ways of thinking orâ madh'hab, through which Sunnis practice strict statute, or strict way of thinking. There was only one madh-hab during the hour of the â€Å"rightly-guided† Caliphs however after the start of the Umayyad tradition, things changed. The Umayyad caliphs didn't have a similar strict authority as the past ones.After the Umayyad Dynasty, there was the Abbasid Dynasty. In contrast with the Umayyads, they were progressively steady of Islamic law. The crystallization of four significant Sunni madh’hab of Islamic fiqh happened by the third century of Hijra. These four incorporate the Hanafi, which was established by Abu Hanifah and is the prevailing school of Muslims in the United Kingdom and Germany, and furthermore followed by Muslims in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. The Mal iki school, established by a Hanifa’s oldest understudy named Malik ibn Anas and is the prevailing school of Muslims in Morocco, Algeria, Libiya, Nigeria, Sudan Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait.The Shafi’i school established by an understudy of Malik named Muhammad ibn Idris debris Shafi’i and is the predominant school of Muslims in Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Kenya, Somalia, Kenya Tanzania, Jordan, India, Syria and Lebanon. The Hanbali school established by an understudy of al-Shafi’i named Ahmad receptacle Hanbal, and is the prevailing school of Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula, to name the most transcendent ones. The devotees of these four schools follow a similar essential convictions however contrast from each other as far as training and execution of customs, and in understanding of Shari’a.So instead of again splitting themselves into various schools of law, Sunnis rather want to simply consolidate and call themselves all Sunnis. T heâ religious content of Islam, the Qur'anâ was assembled by Muhammad’s nearest buddies and viewed as real my all Muslims. There are numerous parts of day by day life, anyway that are not referenced in the Qur’an however they were watched and gone down through ages. These oral record are called hadith. Sunnis respect just certain assortments of hadith to be genuine and those are gathered by six explicit recorders named Bukhari, Muslim, Nasa’ii, Dawud, Tirmidhi, and Majah.The history of the Sunniâ€Shia strife begins in theâ splitâ that happened when Muhammad died in the 632 which prompted a question overâ who ought to succeed him asâ caliphâ of the Islamic people group. This prompted the skirmish of Siffin. For quite a while, Sunni Islam was separated from Shi'i Islam by its adherence to the Caliph as the pioneer of the Muslims. Nonetheless, Sunni and Shi'i Islam are the equivalent in that they share significant showed standards: the completenes s of God, the confidence in the disclosures of Muhammad, and the faith in restoration on the Day of Judgment.Even however the primary split in Islamic practice is among Sunni and Shi'a Muslims, there are a few differences inside the Sunni people group. Practically like how Americans have various perspectives, there are some liberal and increasingly mainstream developments in Sunni Islam that state that Shari'a is deciphered on an individual premise, and that dismiss anyâ fatwaâ or strict declaration by strict Muslim power figures. There are likewise a few developments in Sunni Islam, which dismiss and now and again abuse liberal Muslims for endeavoring to bargain certain Muslim customs.

MyMIT is live

MyMIT is live Good news! You can now log onto MyMIT to access the application for freshman admission to MIT. Many of you may have received a shiny silver packet in the mail recently. This is our official MIT Application Guide to help you when you start to fill out our application. If you havent received one, we will be sending out more this month, so check your mailbox. Once you register on MyMIT, you will be ready to begin the application process and its not too early to start. Youll want to do a few things right away: schedule your interview and give your teachers the personalized teacher recommendation forms. In your packet, and on your MyMIT site, you will find the contact information for your MIT interviewer, or Educational Counselor (EC). You should contact your EC as soon as you are ready to schedule the interview, but well before the application deadline. Remember, if you are applying for the November 1 Early Action (EA) deadline, you should set up your interview before October 20th. If you are applying for the January 1 Regular Action (RA) deadline, you should set up your interview before December 10th. From MyMIT, you should print out personalized teacher recommendation forms. Teachers may use their own forms and format, but please include the personalized teacher recommendation form with each recommendation letter. Also note that MIT is not a member of the Common Application. MIT has its own application, which is only available at MyMIT. But most importantly, remember to take a deep breath. You have plenty of time to do this and I think youll find the process isnt so bad once you get started. You may even have fun and learn something new about yourself. Well be in touch over the coming weeks with more tips and advice. Im looking forward to seeing some of you when Im in Florida later this month and Im looking forward to reading your applications!

Designing A Small Business Online Essay - 1053 Words

There is a proven sequence of steps you can follow to guarantee your success when you re starting a small business online. I ve seen thousands of people start and grow successful businesses by doing the following: Find a need and fill it. Write copy that sells. Design and build an easy-to-use website. Use search engines to drive traffic to your site. Establish an expert reputation for yourself. Follow up with your customers and subscribers with e-mail. Increase your income through back-end sales and upselling. Anyone, from newbie to seasoned online entrepreneur, can benefit from this process in learning how to start a business online. Step 1: Find a need and fill it Most people who are just starting out make the mistake of looking for a product first, and a market second. To boost your chances of success, start with a market. The trick is to find a group of people who are searching for a solution to a problem, but not finding many results. The internet makes this kind of market research easy: Visit online forums to see what questions people ask and what problems they re trying to solve. Do keyword research to find keywords that a lot of people are searching, but for which not many sites are competing. Check out your potential competitors by visiting their sites and taking note of what they re doing to fill the demand. Then you can use what you ve learned and create a product for a market that already exists--and do it better than the competition. Step 2: WriteShow MoreRelatedConsumer Perception Towards Online Business Model Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesCONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS ONLINE BUSINESS MODEL and here is some of the analysis or interpretations from this survey. Q. Gender No. of responses Male 26 Female 24 INTERPRETATIONS:- The proportion of respondents are somewhat equal with not much of the major difference between male and female respondents Q13. Prefer to purchase online? 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Designing an e-commerce solution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction. Many businesses have shown that after implementing an e-commerce system into their companies, sales have increased immensely. 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Winter Storm - Free Essay Example

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter, PESTEL) of Barclays Group PLC Free Essays

string(36) " mobile banking and online banking\." 1. Introduction 1.1Background Barclays group PLC is a big global financial provider operating in Europe, America, Australia, Asia, Middle East and Africa, which is engaged in retail banking, credit cards, corporate banking, investment banking, and wealth management. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter, PESTEL) of Barclays Group PLC or any similar topic only for you Order Now It made up Global Retail Banking, Corporate and Investment Banking, Wealth Management, each of which has a number of business units. And the group centre, which comprises all Barclays essential support. With 300 years of historical existence, the group operates through its subsidiary Barclays Bank PLC, in over 50 countries and has 147,500 employees and a merger with Absa group in South Africa. The group practices integrated global banking model to serve its customers and clients as well as optimising risk adjusted returns for its shareholders. Thus, it moves, lends, invest and protects money for more than 38 million customers and clients worldwide. It is the third largest bank in the world in terms of assets and the one of the largest financial services provider in the world with a core tier one ratio of 11 per cent. It is the third largest bank in the United Kingdom (UK) based on market capitalization, with headquarters at 1 Churchill Place in London, England, having moved there in May 2005 from Lombard Street in London. 1.2Purpose and Objectives The group purpose is to make available products as well as services to help the customers to achieve their financial goals that would in turn lead to economic growth. To attain this, the plan focused on the following objectives: A safer and more secure financial system. A banking industry that is equipped to support the needs of the global economy. The ability of the suppliers of financial capital to earn a positive return on their capital. Demonstrating its credentials as a good citizen To achieve these objectives, the plan entails analysis of the market environments of the bank and identified strategies designed to bring success. Then follow by the implantation and control mechanisms aimed at ensuring that the desired results are achieved. www.barclays.com 2.Analysis of the Market Environment 2.1External Analysis This analysis focus on the macro-environment, the market and the competitors of Barclays, to identify its opportunities and threats. According to Porter (1985), PESTLC analysis ensures that the performance of the company is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business macro-environment. Hence, it groups environmental influences such as political, economic, social, technological, legal and cultural forces impact on the bank. The United Kingdom (UK) population which currently stands at approximately 70million, with a slide increase in immigration, independency and dependency ratios. A shift in population always affects economic growth, thus affect the bank. Increased in UK employment rate of 70.6 per cent, about 25.3million households, and a consistent downward strength of divorce and dissolution (of about 121,700 to 113,900), influences the bank’s performance. This increase brings about economic competitiveness and high circulation of money, thus fuelling the economic growth of the country. UK is a multicultural society which entails co-existence of different communities defined by their race, ethnicity or faith. So sociocultural environment is diverse and dynamic, which implies the bank need to stay in touch with the social and cultural shifts. The science, engineering and technological, and entrepreneurial cultures made UK economically successful, thus, impacting a positive change on the bank’s performance. http//www.statistics.gov.uk, www.ons.gov.uk, www.oup.com/uk 2.1.1 Macro-environment 2.1.1.1 Cultural and Social 2.1.1.2 Political and Legal Unstable regulatory environment in UK. Regulation to give political donation as part of their democracy support to the major South African parties. Political stability in UK, Europe, United States, Asian (India) and southern part of Africa, influences the group’s growth. The new Basel rules on bank capital which requires all banks to hold top quality core tier one capital equal to 10 per cent of their assets, adjusted for risk. (19:09/ financial times/6th June 2011). The Project Merlin Agreement which states that UK’s biggest banks are committed to lending more money in 2011, especially to small businesses, to pay less in bonuses than they did last year and to be more transparent about their pay packages. (15:42, BBC Business News, 9 February 2011). Plan to increase bank levy to 2.5billions pounds this year-raising an extra of 800million pounds, will be a threat on Barclays bank PLC.(18:04,BBC Business News,8 February 2011). Direct and indirect taxes levied. Recovery of national recessionary period and increased in employment rate. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business/13758784. 2.1.1.3 Economic Increase in UK gross domestic product by 0.5percent. Inflation is steadily held on Consumer Prices Index at (CPI) 4.5 per cent and Retail Prices Index (RPI) at 5.2 per cent in May 2011. UK retails sales fall to 1.4 per cent in May and interest rates have been kept at the record low of 0.5 per cent again this year, by the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee. UK unemployment fell 88,000 in the three months to April this year to 2.43 million, the biggest drop since the summer of 2000. The value of the average home in UK, rose by 0.1% from April to May 2011 to ?160,519, but prices were 4.2% lower than the same period a year ago. The European Central Bank signaled rise in Eurozone interest rate in July 2011, from 1.25 per cent. Inflation in the Eurozone is 2.7% while euro falls to 1.44880 dollars against the US dollar in the first quarter 2011. High inflation in China and India in 2011 while Japan is in recession. Increase loan rates and consumer prices in Korea. Middle East and North Africa unrest affecting the Dubai-based Dnata, emirates aviation industry. Import costs in developing countries rising by up to 30 per cent as a result of high oil prices and shortfalls in production due to bad weather which have contributed to higher food prices. Jersey tax information exchange agreements with 17 of the G20 countries. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13758784, http://www.ft.com 2.1.1.4Technological New telecommunication systems, including fibre optic telecommunication and Internet to facilitate mobile banking and online banking. You read "Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter, PESTEL) of Barclays Group PLC" in category "Essay examples" Global launch of the next generation financial kiosks such as NCR SelfServ 4 which is a cashless kiosk, ideal for non-cash transactions such as appointment check-in and account services and SelfServ 8 features cash-deposit capability suitable for bill payments, equipped with touchscreen technology, the machines are loaded with NCR APTRA software applications that are PCI and EMV compliant. New technology such as Mix-and-Match software for 3D digital signage and kiosks SWIFT code to facilitate the international payment system in banks. ATMs are currently in operation at all the local commercial banks. Global increase in computer literacy and easy access to computer More half of the global population is computer literate and has access to internet services. http://selfserviceworld.com/research and http://www.bnet.com/library 2.1.3 Competition Analysis The group’s major competitors are HSBC bank, Bank of America, BBVA, BNP Paribas bank, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, RBS, Lloyds TSB bank, Santander bank, NatWest bank, Societe Generale and UniCredit. i.HSBC Bank Strengths: HSBC bank is the first top bank in the world with the largest profit in the first quarter of 2011(4,153 billions dollars). High trust and credibility in emerging markets such as China, thus, enjoys large economies of scale in its fast growing economy. A good online saving account offering competitive rates with no monthly fees or minimum balance requirements, opened as little as with one dollar and money is FDIC insured to the maximum permitted by law. Weaknesses: HSBC decision to reduce its long- term return on equity target to 12-15 per cent from 15-20 per cent leaves its investors disgruntled. Insufficient trained staffs, thus less customer-driven. Decreased in production and loyalty from its staffs due to redundancy programme. ii.Royal Bank of Scotland Strengths Owns leading franchises in domestic market. Highly centralised local branches in target markets as well as excellent customer services offered. Sufficient number of well placed ATMs in target markets. Weaknesses High loan losses affecting profitability and capitalization. Excess growth of loan over deposits impacting liquidity. Inefficient and ineffective operation management affecting margins. http://managementoday.co.uk/news, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business and http:/www.hsbc.com 2.2 Internal Analysis The internal analysis focused on the bank’s performance and its internal environmental factors such as its management, staff and infrastructures, in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses. 2.2.1Performance From Barclays annual report 2011(www.barclays.co.uk), the Barclays group PLC has more solid positions on capital with 11 per cent core tier one ratio (10.8 per cent Q4 2010), and a liquidity pool of 161 billion pounds than they started last year. While group’s adjusted gross leverage is maintained at 20 times and impairment is down 39 per cent considerably, giving the group’s first quarter (Q1) 2011, a loan loss rate of 76bps (Q1 2010:112bps). See Appendix. Adjusted profit before tax of the group, excluding own credit and gains on acquisitions and disposals this year, up to 10 per cent to 2,004 millions pounds (8 per cent in 2010). Excluding own credit, return on equity increased to 10.1 per cent (9.3 per cent Q4 2010), return on tangible equity increased to 12.1 per cent (11.4 per cent Q4 2010), and return on risk weighted assets increased to 1.5 per cent from 1.4 per cent in Q4 of 2010. (See appendix). Increased in gross new lending to UK house holds and businesses amounted to 9.9 billions pounds indicates improvement on 2010 year ended amount of 43 billions pounds gross new lending plus 7.5 billions pounds of UK loans gotten from the acquisition of Standard Life Bank at the beginning of the year 2010. The Q1 2011 dividend of 1.0 pound per share, with earnings per share of 8.5 pounds. Over 2010, the group ranked in the top quartile Total Shareholder Returns (TSR) of its global competitors, this position is progressively maintained in the Q1 2011 implies good performance indicating good management by objectives this year. www.barclaysannualreport.com 2.2.2Management and Staff The management is made up of thirteen highly skilled and qualified directors and has 147,500 staff and senior executives. Most of the staff are young and have the requisite capabilities, and are re-trainable for newer systems and technology. The remuneration Committee provides governance and strategic control of remuneration, human resource activities and senior management development. The Committee’s objective in relation to remuneration is to motivate its employees towards excellence in business and personal performance by offering incentives, attract and retain employees of ability and experience. Staff is encouraged to part take in share option and share purchase schemes and have a substantial sum invested in Barclay’s shares. Staff is kept informed of matters of concern to them in many ways, such as business unit news magazines, intranets, briefings and mobile phone SMS messaging. These communications facilitate the achievement of a common awareness among employees. Staffs share their views and feedback on issues that matters to them. Periodic employee Opinion Surveys results reported to the Board, all employees and to its European Works Council, Africa Forum, its recognised union in the UK and other recognised unions worldwide. Road shows and employee forums also take place. In addition, regular and formal consultations with its recognised trade unions and work councils internationally. www.barclays.co.uk 2.2.3Infrastructure and Delivery The group is investing heavily in infrastructures in order to perfect its client services and better reach to its global customers and clients, explains why the group is facing high operating costs. www.barclays.co.uk 3. SWOT Analysis The SWOT Analysis identified the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of the bank, as follows: 3.1 Strengths: The world’s third largest bank in terms of assets, with a core tier one ratio of 11 per cent. Barclays Corporate has been named Lender of the Year at the 2011 Health Investor Award for the third time. The group has an effective data management and first bank to produce statements in colours. Barclays Egypt Award for business continuity despite the recent country’s civil unrest. The Awards for Excellence 2011 won by Barclays community investment programme in Katine, Uganda. The group’s brand is unique, historically built and promoted continuously through its good citizenship such as sponsorship of Premier League football. The group enjoys large economies of scales and spread of risks as a result of its global presence. Barclays Capital ranked number two overall in Risk magazine’s survey of institutional investor clients. Double win for Barclays at UK Moneyfacts Awards Distinct technological innovations, for example, it introduced the first credit card ever used in the market in 1966, and mobile banking. Acquisition and incorporation of Egg’s credit card customers in to the Barclaycard portfolio. The group leadership team has very little customer-centric view, thus explains why they always have a lot of customer complaints especially from its UK retail banking that is poor customer services. Poor earnings performance in the first quarter fueled criticism about executive pay packages in Barclays capital, the investment banking unit where pretax profit fell 33 per cent in the first quarter 2011. Less attractive shares due to low earnings performance. The bank branches are not well centralized within the high streets of UK unlike RBS and NatWest banks which are everywhere in the streets. Online banking and telephone banking are complicated to access. High interest rates on loans and low interest rates on savings accounts. Recent launch of the high street’s first two-year flexible bond giving savers a competitive rate and the flexibility to withdraw up to 30 per cent of the balance without incurring any charges. Telephone banking with Barclays Wealth international offers secure, personal and private services, being the fast and friendly way to deal with day-to-day banking request unlike other banks. Barclays Bank has a strong competitive advantage as it is among the top three banks in many African countries, including Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zambia and Mauritius, thanks to its merger with Absa Group Ltd in South Africa. Emerging markets in Africa and Asia Pacific. Barclays Capital strengthens prime services management by recently appointing ten managing directors. Its strategy of full global diverse services provides the group a wide range of cross-selling opportunities. 3.2 Weaknesses 3.3Opportunities 3.4Threats The recent Merlin agreement that required the availability of appropriate capital and resources by the banks to support gross new lending of 190 billions pounds, should demand materialize. The recent strike threat at Highland airports could hit Barclays Scottish Open at Castle Stuart. Varied government legislations in its global markets. Recent consideration by the Independent Commission on Banking, to split retail and investment banking operations. High financial risk exposure due to its global operation nature. Increasing competition and threats in the banking industry from other companies such as the new Japanese bank called Mizuho which is building in London to find new avenue for growth. www.barclays.co.uk, www.fm.co.za/articles, www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news, www.bbc.co.uk/news/business, www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/businessnews , www.e-customer-satisfaction.com/rev . 4. Customer Analysis 4.1 Markets The bank has branches in the UK as well as operations throughout Europe, Africa, Middle East, Asia and America. The market stakeholders consist of the governments, other public Sector bodies, corporate entities, insurance companies, professionals, public servants, pensioners, teachers, students and national residents in the above market segments. www.barclays.com 4.2 Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the splitting up of a market into different groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/service requirements. There is now widespread agreement that market segmentation form an important foundation for successful marketing strategies and activities. (Wind, 1978; Hooley and Saunders 1993).It implies it ensures that the elements of the marketing mix namely; price, distribution, products and promotion, are designed to meet particular needs of different customers. Barclays group divides its market into different geographic units such as nations, states, regions, cities or streets. For example Barclays bank PLC Zambia. The group also uses demographic segmentation to split its market in to groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, generation, nationality, religion, and social class. This type of segmentation is easy to measure and enables the bank to identify the right product offer to meet the specific needs of customers and improve its customer perceived offerings. For example, improvements of student account offer such as no monthly fee, an interest-free overdraft facility up to 2,000 pounds from opening the account. www.barclays.com 4.3 Market Targeting Barclays bank PLC uses the differentiated targeting approach which recognizes that there are several market segments to target, each being attractive to the marketing organization. As such, to exploit markets, a marketing strategy is developed for each segment. For example, Barclays targeted the student market segment in UK, and its rationale for acquiring students was that there was an opportunity to establish a long-term relationship with students and, to target a new customer annually. The bank uses effective segmentation assessment criteria such as ensuring that its various market segments are measurable, substantial, accessible, differentiable and actionable, ensure a segment is useful for targeting. 4.4 Market Positioning Market positioning is the act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. (A.Ries and J.Trout, 2000). The main purpose of positioning is to build the bank’s brands in the minds of the customers in order to maximize potential benefit to the bank. Kotler (1997) argued that â€Å"Positioning is the act of designing the company’s offering and image so that they occupy a meaningful and distinct competitive position in the target customers’ minds†. Therefore, positioning is all about how customers judge a product’s attribute relative to that of its competitors, and its ability to deliver against the promises made. The bank has applied a good positioning of its brands to target markets. For example, Barclays found that an incentive offering mobile broadband would have the most appeal to students, the bank partnered with orange to offer 25 percent discount on its mobile broadband schemes to those who signed up for a Barclays student account. It also established a working group to oversee the new student proposition such as no monthly fees, an interest-free overdraft, free debit cards, mobile phone banking and a net work of local branches. This is to build its brands in the minds of its target customers by effectively and efficiently meeting their needs. Orange and Barclaycard recently launch ‘Quick Tap’ – the UK’s first contactless mobile phone payments service, allowing consumers to make purchases on the high street using their mobile phone  · Customers can make purchases ?15 and under nationwide by simply tapping their Quick Tap mobile handset against a contactless reader at over 50,000 stores. Hence, the group has good positioning strategies. 4.5 Branding Branding is a means to distinguish the products or services of one company from those of another. (K. Moore and Reid, 2006). Therefore, a brand is a logo, name, symbol, design or image, or any combination of these, which is designed to identify the product or service. Its slogan â€Å"Take one small step† garnishes its branding. Barclays group does branding of its products/services with respect to its target customers needs. The group has different brands such as Barclaycard and its contactless mobile payment brand , online banking, offshore banking and investment, UK premier and personal banking, business banking, Barclays corporate, international banking services, Barclays capital and Barclays wealth. www.barclays.com/product and services, www.oup.com/uk/orc , 5. Marketing Strategies 5.1 Mission The mission of the Barclays group is to make available products as well as services to help the customers to achieve their financial goals that would in turn lead to economic growth as well as increased employment. 5.2 Marketing objectives Customer and client driven, that is putting their needs first so as to develop a long term sustainable business. Aims to meet clients’ needs while establishing a business with different sources of revenue, business segments, customers and clients, and geographic exposure. Aims to serve clients across all their needs through a wide range of distribution channels. To effectively managed the risks taken by its clients. Ensures financial discipline required to deliver returns is retained. Demonstrates the group’s wider value to society both globally and in every community it serves. 5.3 Financial objectives Operating within its capital resources Generating returns in excess of its cost of equity Sustaining growth in selected market and geographies. www.barclaysannualreport.com 5.2.1 Supply strategies Barclaycard and orange newly developed â€Å"Quick Tap† contactless mobile payment service which allows consumers to make purchases on the high street using their mobile phone for the very first time. Barclaycard is providing Orange customers with ?10 cash added to their account upon activation, and 10% cash back on all Quick Tap purchases made in the first three months. Barclays Capital, the investment banking division of Barclays Bank PLC, recently announced the launch of the Algorithmic Inflation Momentum Switching (AIMS) index, designed to generate excess returns from the US inflation market. The reason being that market participants switch from nominal bonds to TIPS when concerned about inflation. Barclays Wealth international offers discounted international online payments to investment and mortgage advice from our specialist advisers. It provides you with immediate access to your money as well as control over your day-to-day spending wherever you are. www.barclays.com 5.2.2 Demand Strategies Target students and matured wealthy Nationals returning home or resident locally, including doctors, lawyers, managers, entrepreneurs and retired persons. Product differentiation so as to gain competitive advantages in the market. Frequent adjusted slogan to continuously build its brand image. 5.2.3 Positioning strategies The bank is currently perceived to have a poor customer services compared to its peer group that is their service offering and quality are not very much outstanding as portraits by its branding. So the bank’s aim is to also move to the top position for service offering and service quality through its innovative product developments and improved service quality so as to defend its strong brand image. Ensures effective data management is improved. 5.2.4 Competitors Strategies Improve the quality of customer services by training staff. Increasely promote ATMs, online banking, Barclaycards and telephone banking services that will provide greater convenience to customers. Offer unique innovative Barclays Wealth-management and Barclays Capital products/services that will attract the target markets.www.barclays.com 5.3 Marketing Mix Strategies 5.3.1 Product Barclays offers personal banking and credit card facilities through Barclaycard to customers. The products and services for personal customers include: bank accounts (from entry-level through to premier), a range of credit cards through Barclaycard, saving accounts, loans, insurance, online banking and mortgages through Woolwich. The also offers corporate and business banking, investment banking and Wealth management -which focuses on private and intermediary clients worldwide, providing international and private banking, investment management, fiduciary services, and brokerage. The group ensures these products and services are always available to satisfy customer needs. www.barclays.com 5.3.2 Price The group ensures the prices are affordable with respect to the target customers. For example, no monthly fees, interest –free overdraft and 25% discount on its mobile broadband schemes to those who signed up for a Barclays student account. Also a discounted international online payment to investment. www.barclays.com 5.3.3 Place The bank positions its product and services in such a way that they are be accessible at customers convenience such as Barclays replacement debit card delivered to customer’s home in two working days, availability of Quick Tap contactless reader at over 50,000stores. Mobile phone banking and increase in a network of local branches. ATMs at strategic locations throughout the country. Increase franchises. 5.3.4 Promotion Word-of-mouth campaign, literature in branches, TV advertisements, sponsorships, business magazines and news papers, and bill boards. Online advertising on website and direct mail to prospective students. Phone prospective customers or visit them at their residents or place of business to sell products and services to them Develop an advertising campaign programs targeting the selected groups of customers. 5.3.5 Personnel and Services Develop a performance appraisal system that will allow for feedback throughout the fiscal year which determines annual salary increments and the quarterly bonuses such as travelling allowances, reward for sales volumes in order to motivate staff. Recruit more people that possess the required skills for the tasks available and provide each of them with a job description setting out clearly the job expectations and goals, as well as the required job-related behaviors. Offer good training to both existing and current staff for the job required task. Improve on customers services by training both top management staff and subordinates to be customer-centric. www.marketingweek.co.uk/opinion/barclays , and www.barclays.com/products and services. 6. Channel analysis Barclays bank uses the following ways to reach its customers through its multichannel routes such as franchises and strategic alliances such as; Absa group. Through telephones, ATMs, contactless payment cards and visa debit cards. The bank has about 1,900 branches in the UK as well as operations throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the US. Also plans to improve on the centralization of its branches within each target market. Increase the number of its local branches within the high streets of UK, such as Universities areas. www.barclays.com 7. Implementation and Control Barclays group supports a marketing oriented culture to provide market perceived offering that meets customer’s expectations by placing a strong emphasis on its market research (SWOT and PESTLC analysis) to discover the data of its market context, customer requirements, competitors activities, the most appropriate way to run their channel operations (distribution and marketing communications) The group has ten existing skillful directors and two current directors, all assigned to manage each of the products and services business units efficiently and effectively with the help of 147,500 employees through management by objective. The budget holders who are top management will be given incentives, so as to hit and improve both their sales forecast and profit targets. The group headquarters management foster and encourage creativity and innovation through out the business while ensuring effective risks management and financial discipline is in control. www.barclays.com 8. Financial Forecast  · Target return on equity of 13 per cent by 2013  · Income growth between 4.3 and 6.4 billion pounds in 2013 relative to 2010. www.barclaysannualreport.com 9. Contingency plans Invest more in multichannel platform such as; success performance in mobile banking and online investment platform. Effectively and efficiently focus on productivity and innovations Ensures customer sovereignty is in place by staying close to them and effectively managing their risks. 10. Conclusion I have taken a critical look in to the situation faced by Barclays group PLC such as its objectives, and goal (13 percent returns on equity by 2013 and income growth of) the group expected to achieved. While taken in to consideration its strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities sorted out by the use of SWOT and PESTLC analysis, as well as competitors’ analysis, and its marketing strategies on execution. I am emphasizing on top management and staffs, to stop doing market skimming and be more customer-centric when making decisions and executing strategies as well as carrying out effective and efficient implementation and control in order to reach desired target. References How to cite Strategic Analysis (SWOT, Porter, PESTEL) of Barclays Group PLC, Essay examples

The Tall Man Passage Analysis free essay sample

The Tall Man’ published in 2008 tells the story of the 2004 Palm Island death in custody. She follows the lives of the families involved and the events that took place after the death. I will focus on a passage from the text on pages 182-185. This passage is about the inquest into Cameron Doomadgee’s death. A large proportion of the passage is spoken in the first person but also reverts to the third person at the end of the passage. Speaking in the first person is Tracy Twaddle, the now widowed wife of Cameron Doomadgee. In this part of the text Hooper has used a transcript from the inquest to show how Cameron Doomadgee’s wife’s presentation to the court resonates there is love and peace within the Palm Island community and is the depiction of who Cameron Doomadgee was but at the same time portrays the existence of goodness among the people on the island. Here the reader is presented with the first insight into Cameron Doomadgee’s life and at the same time offers an introduction and understanding into the contradictions that exist within life on Palm Island Throughout the book Chloe Hooper speaks to Cameron Doomadgee’s family but she never asks them anything personal about Cameron himself. This passage is the first time intimate details about Cameron are revealed and it seems strategic the author leaves this to the person who knows him most intimately – his wife. Tracy Twaddle’s speech at the inquest is a main feature of the passage. The passion and vulnerabilities are clear of a life so tragically lost that did not need to be lost so tragically and needlessly. It also offers insight that this death was not accidental. Chloe Hooper’s introduction of Tracy Twaddle to the reader immediately moves the reader’s emotional senses that here is a grieving wife. The previous year Tracy had ‘gone to hospital with pneumonia after sleeping a night on Cameron’s grave. ’ Throughout the book the reader only sees the abuse of women on Palm Island and nothing is devoted to understanding if love exists between couples on the island. For the first time the reader is introduced to the love a woman has for her husband and displayed through the grief she feels for his death. There is a strong use of imagery in the first paragraph which is used to show Tracy Twaddle’s anguish over losing her husband. Chloe Hooper makes an effort to make the reader feel sympathy for Tracy by describing in detail the way Tracy looks to her stating, â€Å"her large body was hunched in old clothes – widow’s black  with a print of white flowers. † In your mind you have this picture of her being hunched, in ragged old clothing and clearly distressed by the situation she is now in – that of a grieving widow who has lost the man she dearly loved. The reader is immediately moved to feel the same sorrow towards Tracy she is feeling over the loss of her husband. Tracy is very polite in the courtroom and asks the judge ‘can I sit down? ’ when previously in the book she had seemed much stronger, defending her Aboriginal rights and also Cameron. Here before the courtroom, the reader is faced with a broken woman – a woman whose heart has been broken and the vulnerability and fragility of her life are put in the spotlight. This is a stark contrast to the portrayal of Aboriginals being drunken troublemakers who are violent in the community but now Chloe Hooper shows the reader a person who has faced the same emotions as many white human beings before her. Here is the kind, loving side that is often hidden behind the wrong-doings of other people in the community. This is where stereotyping comes into play which often gives us the wrong impression of people. Where the negative actions of some form the view of the majority. In this passage we uncover Tracy Twaddle’s hidden personality and made aware of her human frailties which are the same as those of any race and culture– these are the emotions of every human being faced with the same situation. The transcript of Tracy Twaddle’s speech at the inquest is incredibly moving and surprised me. Never in the book do we hear of such love between a husband and wife within this community. We only ever hear of the abuse and the hurt that takes place on Palm Island. Tracy often repeats the phrase â€Å"simple but happy† to describe not only Cameron himself but also his life. Tracy Twaddle speaks fondly of Cameron but also speaks the honest truth. Cameron Doomadgee is described by Tracy Twaddle as being caring, kind, joking, ready for a laugh, an inspiration, a proud father and a real and genuine person. Although this seems hard to believe after everything we already know about Cameron, we have now learned more about the true Cameron. Many may think it is just a way to cover up all Cameron Doomadgee’s wrong doings but it is clearly evident that Tracy speaks from the heart in this speech and every word she says comes from the heart. Hooper supports Tracy Twaddle’s speech by adding: â€Å"Everyone on the island described Cameron as a happy-go-lucky, as the last person to look for a fight†. Here we are faced with two personalities and it is up to the reader to choose which side of Cameron they believe is the real Cameron. In this passage there are many contradictions explored. We are shown a side of Cameron Doomadgee that is a complete opposite to how he has been portrayed previously. Tracy Twaddle speaks fondly of Cameron Doomadgee emphasising the good in him but also not forgetting that he was not a perfect man. First we hear that Cameron Doomadgee is this lovely man who cared for his family and friends and tried his hardest to support his family which is all probably true but then we are reminded that he drank methylated spirits, that he had been admitted to hospital with knife wounds and alcoholic seizures. We are torn between these two different personalities and are unsure which one to believe. The two personalities of Cameron Doomadgee represent each side of the court case. The loving, caring side of Cameron Doomadgee represents how the Palm Island community see Cameron and is also telling the reader that family, relationships and love are just as strong here as they are in all communities. However, at the same time the reference to this being an Aboriginal person reflects the community bias viewing black as being subclass and without feeling and emotion. Aboriginals are stereotyped as being drunk, drug users and rowdy people. The Cameron Doomadgee that drank methylated spirits and was admitted to hospital several times represents the tragic situation of a marginalised people by the majority who don’t see past what has caused these people to lose their identity and place within communities and therefore with all sense of loss of esteem comes the viral spread of disorder as we see on Palm Island and the strong police brutality to control it. The last part of the passage speaks about the Palm Island community but also Aboriginal communities around Australia. In these last paragraphs Chloe Hooper is trying to show how the Aboriginal communities feel about the scrutiny they are put under by the white community. Hooper also makes a link between the different perspectives of Cameron Doomadgee to the different perspectives of Palm Island. Hooper says that Tracy Twaddle had â€Å"delivered a eulogy, and eulogies smooth away sharp edges – but this also seemed to be a question of perspective, or of degree. † This relates to Hooper also saying â€Å"From the outside, Palm Island often doesn’t make sense. From the inside, perhaps it does. † This is also a difference in perspective; to the Palm Islanders their island makes perfect sense and their way of life seems completely normal and fine to them but to outsiders it seems violent, scary and tough. This could be attributed to the fact that the stories that emerge from Palm Island are always those filled with loss, despair and tragic endings of a marginalised people. Here there is a link between how society view native Aboriginals and how they view the Palm Island community. Primary sources are used to give an outsiders understanding of the Palm Island community and what outsiders think of Aboriginals and their way of living. Hooper incorporates allusions to Aboriginal Dreamtime stories to show the Aboriginal people’s connection with the land and the issues happening around them. These Dreamtime stories are also something that is only understood by the Aboriginals and is personal to them. They accept the hardships they experience but embrace them and try to find joy in the things they do. Primary sources are used to give an outsiders understanding of the Palm Island community and what outsiders think of Aboriginals and their way of living. Hooper explains this further through her line from W. E. H Stanner describing the Aboriginal view of life as â€Å"a joyous thing with maggots at the centre† and then Hooper backs up the ‘joyous’ part of this statement with the line â€Å"there is the ongoing human attempt to find joy. † Here she has shown that there is joy and love on Palm Island, you just need the right perspective to see it. The title of Chloe Hooper’s The Tall Man, already states the theme of contradiction that becomes evident in this book. Contradiction is what defines the perspectives in this book. The Tall Man is the story of a vicious and powerful being that has ruined the lives of a community, now marginalised and on the fridges of society. It clearly depicts that when you peel away the surface and the crust that has allowed to build in this community, despite how pot-marked and ugly it might appear on the surface, the fruit inside is still wholesome and full of goodness. Cameron Doomadgee was a good man to his wife and people knew him this way, but to the outside world he was a victim of the stereotypical attitude towards Aboriginal people and his death and subsequent understanding of him was a result of this racism and lack of understanding of a people who do have a good inner core but have become a victim of the society they have been forced to adapt to.

Mobile Application Trends free essay sample

Submitted by:- Mohit Sekhri Mobile Multimedia Now a days we can study that there is large number of increasing multimedia consumers devices for mobile and home use, such as game consoles, Personal digital assistants(PDA),e-books etc. There are so many similarities between these gadgets and with desktop PC. All have the internet access but the purpose are different. The vendors/companies keep on trying the open platform for the future home use . It called as Multimedia Home platform(MHP) of the European Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB) project. In the other hand in mobile technology there are portable appliances like cellular phone ,E-book and PDAs. In regard to internet services like wireless application protocol (WAP) and adopting video conferencing technologies, the hindrance in these are the use of bandwidth . Mobile Multimedia Challenges The new opportunities are coming with the new developments but the challenges and risks are also contemporary. Kinds of new services creates a possible demand for newly developed gadgets or end user terminals. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Application Trends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Few years ago access of computers was about 40 50% of all households. Now with the new development every person may have several kind of computing devices. The digital technologies tried to separate the content network, services into a business. More than 600 million mobile phones being produced in ear 2000,become the important Personal Trusted device. People are using mobile phones as personal address books, calendars and payment systems. We have learned from past many of these kind of terminals same as computer will not damage to the Television Broadcast, the phone would not become a obsolete computer. At present there is no common application platform neither for home nor for mobile devices. The interoperability between different mobile companies is also a big problem. These are the important hindrance for service providers and consumers to invest in this fast changing market, All mobile communication devices share the same radio frequency bandwidth which is a limited resource, but we can expect from 3rd generation (3G ) mobile services like UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services), and up gradations like EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM evolution) and GPRS (General Packet Radio System). Only the Bandwidth limitation per user creates a doubt about the reliability and the cost efficiency multimedia services regarding 3G in future. Development in Mobile Application Mobile application development is gaining popularity now a days, It is not just a development process but it is like a mechanism that is used to increase the efficiency of your mobile devices. Mobile phones are a essential for everyone in current time. With the help of the mobile you can access each and every thing very easily. As the time is progressing lots of people started using the mobile phones, many of them use this technology to communicate with someone like their families, friends etc. But some people do not use their mobile phone for just calling someone , they made it as a part of their daily life activity especially for the business users. With the help of the mobile application development you can communicate with someone with enhanced internet supported facilities with GPRS technology, live video conferencing, emailing gaming, faxing and live music facilities. These mobile phones called as a smart phones. Before the development of the smart phones most of the companies wanted to be accessed first by a client through internet with desktop pc or laptops. Now a days smart phones have profitable attractiveness not only to use a voice calls also used its exclusive applications like web browsing, internet note, sports and other mobile data services. These new Hi-Tech smart phones have versatile technical features e. g. : Advanced memory, Bandwidth improvement, Supporting multimedia and high power processing and the most important thing is compact size which makes it a friendly and handy to user. The current tools which are using for the development of the mobile application like JAVA, PYTHON, Open C, Flashlight, XHTTML/CSS, Mobile AJAX and JavaScript to implement highly functional applications the developers can work with audio, video and mms to create an influenced mobile contents, but the development of new application depends upon the choice how the market drive, and it also depends upon the available platform to meet the requirement of application. The development platforms are available for devices including their native environments such as Symbian, Open C, iphone and palm operating. The latest mobile application development platforms are Java Micro Additions(JMA) , . net Compact Framework, Flashlight, Android. Market and the application requirement determines the mobile applications platform , It requires faster run time speeds and storage input output performance. The metrics of mobile application developments are processing overhead, memory consumption, frame rate and deployment file size e. g. SVG tiny, graphics buffering, compressed sound file and so on. where Java ME, . net CF and Android achieved comparable performances, the Flashlight has lagged in various benchmarks. Most important effects In the new era all users are fastly turn to tablets and mobile phones to consume and create contents. Like internet and desktop applications , the mobile application design is also in trend. There are latest trends in mobile application design which are as follows. 1. The Instagram effect : In the past years the application like face book and twitter for the iphone influence the direction and UX paradigms in mobile applications. The first version of tweetie for iphone in 2008 by Loren Brichter . It has been adopted on multiple mobile application. Instagram is shown in Tweetie or Facebook of 2011. The applications like photo sharing are also on the way to explored, the Instagram is leading in terms of features and user interface e. g. there is an application called picplz for iphone. 2. Bold effect ,colours and gradients with minimal gloss : Colours are the most favorable for developers to make their application for competition. The glossy button look is famous by web 2. 0 feature having strong color in an application gives the positive response from users to remember the application . . Texture : With the use of texture designs we can insert text with levels of transparency. In this design its very essential that the button elements look on the top of the background and the given texture can provide tremendous amount of personality in the application. Because if it is not doing well then its difficult and hard to read and find the buttons. 4. Smooth, clean gradient and shadows for depth : Users create buttons and interface e lements by using shadows are more lively in looks or feel and has more striking appearance. 5. Text driven interfaces The earliest mobile application were text based and loads quickly in a slow connection but in the modern mobile application user do not need to rely on text because in this the text driven interfaces can be highly usable. The good thing of text-centric approach is that it uses the text appropriate in context, and text look good and easy to understand when its size is big. Mobile application trends Where the Apple, Google , Microsoft, Research in Motion, we will discuss the key tends with mobile application and affects of all other brands in marketing and commerce. There are some trends below which are likely to shape market strategy including application. In current situation the markets are recognizing of iphone applications does not constitute a real mobile strategy to gain a final goal more than Billion smart phone expected by 2013. The market of the smart phone is very growing now a days with not only the apples iphone with other companies too such as Blackberry, Window Phone, Android, HTC and Samsung. Google has already issued seven releases of Android O/S in less than 2 years(1. 1, 1. 5, 1. 6, 2. 0, 2. 01, 2. 1, 2. ) Android will be major competitor for all. Regarding lower performances android experience performance issues. The manufacturers likes Motorola, Samsung ,LG , HTC, and Sony Ericson customize their version of Android to create a difference. In latest future tablets will be the part of every home and they need tablet applications. OEM such as Apple, Samsung, Acer, Cisco, Dell, Motorola and Viewsonic will have their own tablets in this year. There will be a diversification of distribution channels for Tablets such as Wireless Carriers, OEMs, retailers from which the consumer can choose. In 2010 Apple likely to be sold 10 million Tablets and Samsung above 1 million while Gartner predicted more than 55 million tablets will sell in 2011. Now a days the count of the downloads is more popular. We can estimated the quality of the application from the downloads but in future the count of the active users will be more important than downloads. Improved analytics enable the market business to optimize application and the experience of the user. The continual usage of the application leads to the revenue will become more important than downloads as data in 2010 . 5% of Twitter active users access from the mobile phones, 2 million web sites online have adopted the Facebook like button. Use of mobile is different than online and social and it provides a unique mobile experience. Exclusive brands and contents will get more success in near future, the user stickiness will be created by vertically focused content. The normal user will not able to make a difference between a mobil e web site and mobile application. They have more custom features and scalable utility. The latest release of O/S like Gingerbread supports NFC API. Like desktop the smart phones also stores a personal information that is easily accessible by applications. There distributions channels do not requires security testing which will be an issue the developers needs to use the attacking techniques like spoofing, information disclosure, denial of service. There are some Applications Which are in Latest Trend: 1. Micro Payments: This is defined as mobile transaction which is for small amount of money. The combination of hardware and software allows the vendors to accept the credit card payments using mobile devices. This technology is presently in practice in UK. Last week I heard a news on TV that the mobile phone has your banking information and you just present the phone on the latest EFTPOS then your payment will be accepted. 2. Security : iphone is using 3GS encryption but it is weak and vulnerable, currently the iphone has no defense on it. There are so many Antivirus , Spyware are developed, lookout security tool (Android application) has all features like Security, Privacy Advisor, Backup, Missing device . With these features your phone could be protected up to some extent. . Location Based Technology: GPS is the main application which is used in the location based technology. GPS is an application that saw the data regarding people that where the exact location of the person or place around the real world. 4. Social Based Applications: There are social applications too in the market like Facebook, Twitter, Posting Videos, Skype etc. Last but not Least †¦. 5. Mobile Application Adve rtising: As No of mobile application increases, the advertisement business also increases side by side, If you download an application, Game etc. he advertisements are embedded with application ; the always pop ups while the mobile data is enable in background. Thank You REFERENCES 1. An innovative mobile electronic tourist guide application By Michael Kenteris , Damianos Gavalas. 2. GPS Tracking | 2010-10-28|Emerging Technologies,Application development lifecycle, Allen Symonds|2010-04-02|Mobile Phones. 3. Artical from Kunal Gupta CEO of Polar Mobile, a Toronto-Based platform. 4. Small Business Advice and Entrepreneurship Blog by Wayne Liew.

Essay on Women and Men in the US

Essay on Women and Men in the US Essay on Women and Men in the US Example essay: Major issues facing women and men in the U.S. today There are very many issues that are facing both men and women in the U.s today. The effects are far reaching although others do not have very significant outcomes. Gender disparity is mong the major issues that are known to affect people in the U.S. The population in the United States has been established to be having many women than men. However, this is not depicted in the public area. The Supreme Court for instance has a higher male population than women. The country? presidents from Regan to Obama have tried to eliminate this disparity by making special appointments of females judges into the Supreme Court. Another issue that is facing men and women in the U.S is the one that pertains to abortion. Facts, information and statistics about abortion and pregnancy in the U.S place a lot of evidence on teens being the most affected. There have been increased cases of sexual assault, rape, prostitution and domestic violence. In one way or another, either a man or a woman is being victimized. In many occasions, it is women who fall victim due to the notion by the society that they are a weaker sex. There are facts, statistics and stories that surround abuse and survival together with the appropriate ways that can be adopted to reduce these forms of abuse. In all creations, all people seek for love and intimacy. Yet, it is becoming evident that neither of them is a certain thing. People are different; some seek for soothe and stability while others have the desire for excitement and experimentation. As humans, we may know one another, but it is also a fact that it takes two to tangle. Currently, the issues that pertain to women? reproductive rights and the diverse forms of contraception are widely and legally accessible to all women in the U.S. Other issues that have been seen to affect people in the U.S are those that are linked to pay equity, healthcare, and leadership, feeding habits, obesity and citizenship. All these factors have a way in which they affect the people. What is important though is how the society approaches and tries to find solutions towards solving them in a more amicable manner. I would say that there are many problems that face men and women in the United States just like any other country of the world whether developed or not developed. In comparison to the less developed countries and more specifically those that are non-democratic, America is more dwarfed in the way her people are faced with the problems. Some of the problems are as a result of the religious doctrines that permeate abuse and pose subservient regulations on those who are linked to social problems. Sometimes, it becomes very hard to contemplate on the traditional, feminist issues and think of obtaining a female president in the U.S unless more women and men start cherishing diplomacy endowed with more actions and soft power. Such issues can also be overcome if more women get involved in business activities and political positions so that their voices, votes and plans can be felt. An opinion I have held over time now is that gender issues will always continue to be factors in social interactions. This is due to the loopholes that the society has allowed to prevail. For instance, the feminist issues that are still being talked about in the current society are majorly applicable to those who are aware and relish freedom. It is also appropriate for those who want a gentler and comfortable society. Although the U.S is in pursuit of these key factors, it is none the less faced with issues of gender disparity and discrimination. To make sure that gender issues are eliminated, then it is imperative that all of us exert positive influences that will terminate the undercutting on one another. It is also very vital that the society learns to have faith on one another. It should also develop an innate belief in the ability of women to lead in a diligent way. The society should also make sure that it rises up an entity and extends its hand throughout the aspects of develo pment in the spirit of change that will impact positively on the lives of our sisters, not only in the United States but also to the rest of the world. At you can easily buy essay online on Women and Men related topics. Our custom essay writing company will help with writing your essay, term paper or research paper on any topic.

Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro and Essay

Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro and macroeconomic theory - Essay Example Does learning calculus really improve learning micro and macroeconomics theory The question seems important to improve the student performance in economics theory. This will also help in understanding why the student with poor calculus understanding finds it hard to grasp the concepts in micro and macroeconomic theory. The calculus itself is a very vast topic categorized in to two parts the differential and integral calculus. Which of these two parts share close proximity with economics theory The undergraduate economics prerequisite should be specifically for differential or integral or for both In the following paragraphs I intend to address this question of significance of calculus learning for the intermediate students learning micro and macroeconomic theory by replicating the article, "Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro and macroeconomic theory", Co-authored by J.S. Butler, T. Aldrich Finegan and John J. Siegfried from the department of economics, university of Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, published in the journal o f applied econometrics , mar/apr 1998; 13,2. The students records of nearly all the Vanderbilt university undergraduates who entered the college of Arts and Science as freshmen during the August 1983 -1986 and studied Microeconomic theory (micro -2) or intermediate Macroeconomic theory (macro -2)or both, constituted the d... The independent variable here is the calculus course taken by the students. Depending on the variety of calculus course available the key independent variables were seven namely Math 170, Math 171A-B, Math 172 A-B, Math 221 A-B and Math 222. The dependent variable is performance in micro-2 and macro -2. A two stage estimation procedure was used to cope with the problem of selection bias. In the first stage ordered probit model was used to predict the highest level of calculus attained by each student prior to taking each intermediate theory course. In the second stage the grades in Micro-2 or Macro-2 (the dependent variable)is regressed on the actual level of the calculus attained (independent variable). This can be written in simple words as the grades earned in the calculus course are used to predict the grade in the economic course. The ability and motivation of the students became the control variables. The ordinary least square estimation is used as there are twelve categories of grades depicting cardinal measure of performance. The ordered probit was appropriate for the purpose of this study as the various calculus courses can be ordered in accordance with the difficulty of the course material covered, whereas the difference in the courses can't be measured cardinallly. Indivi duals are the units of abservation. Table one Calculus courses taken by Vanderbilt undergraduates: descriptions and ranking in the ordered probit Course (credit hours) Description Math 170 (4) Analytic Geometry and calculus: A basic course in rudiments of analytic geometry and differential and integral calculus, with emphasis on application. Designed for students who do not plan to further study the calculus. No background in

Properties, plant, and equipment in accounting theory Essay

Properties, plant, and equipment in accounting theory - Essay Example 2) Group costing (recording the cost as 800,000 for all the equipment together) affects the costing of the equipment in two ways. First, it is challenging to depreciate the items because they have different depreciation rates (Liapis & Christodoulopoulou, 2011). However, this risk may be eliminated in case their depreciation rate is the same. Second, it creates a reporting and cost allocation challenge, as the cost accountant cannot allocate costs effectively with group costing. Operational costs on the assets become hard to allocate. However, costing the items independently (single costing) will facilitate reporting because some of the equipment should be capitalized (fixed assets) while some would be expensed (inventory). 3) Group costing reduces the profit of the business. First, it increases the depreciation expense, which has a negative effect on the profit of the business. Group costing also eliminates gain on sale of the expenses assets (Herrmann, Thomas & Saudagaran, 2011). Introduction of unwarranted depreciation also affects the value of the assets as it lowers the item values in the end. However, single costing does not affect the value of the assets and maintains the profit of the business high, as the gains on sale are included in sales while the depreciation expense is removed. 4) The first problem imminent from the transaction is the possibility of double costing. In case the items are recorded as lump sum amount means that in case some of them are sold, they may be recorded again in sales without expensing them creating a double accounting problem (Weiss, 2012). Depreciation problem may also arise from the transactions. An accountant will find challenges in treatment of depreciation for the difference between the market value and purchase price. From the transaction, taxation challenges can also arise. When the transaction is taxed, the amount to be taxed may challenge the accountant. The

Activity based costing and problems it could solve

Activity based costing and problems it could solve Activity based costing is a management accounting technique that deals with assigning of the overhead costs in a more logical manner as compared to the traditional approach that deals with only allocating the costs based on the machine hours. This approach is based on assigning the costs first to their related activities and then finally assigning the costs of those activities to the products that only demand these activities. Activity based costing recognizes that the machine setup, special testing, and special engineering all cause a company to consume resources. This is the reason as to why this technique calculates the cost of these resources and then assigns them to the products that demanded the activities (Accounting Coach, 2004). As the environment of the manufacturing firm moves from a manual system to a computer-integrated manufacturing there is the emergence of conventional cost systems that may release report of distorted products. Therefore, activity based costing will save this problem by collecting financial and operational performance by performing the activity of tracing the significant activities of the operation to their final products more effectively. Activity based costing will perform the following activities in cost management; identifying the activity centers, selecting the first cost drivers, and reporting the cost activities. After this there follows the process of implementation that ensures corrects utilization of the technique in cost management (Klener and No, 1997). Activity Based Costing can support the managers in trying to see how to maximize the shareholders value and also improve the general corporate governance. It started its function after bringing in more advantages as compared to the traditional way of accounting. In the traditional way of accounting, it was believed that the high volume customers mean high level of profits. But this is not the case of decision making on activity based costing. ABC model came with a new version which based decision making by managers on identifying the cost pools in an organization and then assigning the cost drivers i.e. services by considering the number of events or transactions that are involved in the process of producing a particular product (Value Based Management.net, 2010) In any particular company, the cost serving a customer can be determined individually basing on the costing activities. This can be done by deducting the product cost and also the cost of serving each customer in order to arrive at the productivity. By doing this one can be able to identify the profitability of each customer and hence position the products and services accordingly. This is a practical application of this type of model when dealing with costs. In addition to that, the ABC model helps to make the employees to understand the various types of costs involved. It also the helps them analyze the cost, value added and non-value added activities and thus enabling them to realize the benefits accrued from the products and services produced (Value Based Management.net, 2010). In cost management and decision making, Activity Based Costing has also an extension known as the Activity Based Management that fully touches all aspects of management costing. This allows the management to examine the non-value-added activities and hence make rational decisions on them. This technique in ABC model relies on the ABC system in specifying where the non-value-added activities exist and hence provide the value and amount of monetary benefits that are associated with their elimination. The other side of the valueà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬added costing is fully dealt with in the full model Activity Based (ABC) Model (Dunn, 2004, p.2). Activity Based Costing has been adopted by many countries in different sectors around the world. Different sectors in the world economies have been modified and hence their cost management techniques simplified by the use of this model. For example, sectors of the economy such as the manufacturing industry, banking industry, retail industry, and even the government have a perfectly implemented ABC model in their management costing. Japan provides a much more experimental case study for our discussion. There was a great impact of the innovations of the cost accounting technique, basically ABC, on the technology trigger (an external impetus that stimulates innovation) between the years 1984-1997. This was particularly applied on both the electronic and automotive sector. In the past it was believed that, the causes of low wage labor and undervalued currencies were the innovative management practices, just-in-time material flow of systems, statistical process control and continuous improvement. There was also the issue of unfair competition and adoption of inappropriate management practices from other companies (Accounting Coach, 2004). As a result of this, there was the emergence of new costing approaches in several manufacturing industries including the automotive industry. This was after the realization that the cost accounting systems used at that time were associated with negative operational and strategic consequences. For example, the Tektronix Company started allocating manufactured overheads to the specific products based on the direct labor. This encouraged the engineers to design products that required less labor to manufacture as compared to the past years. This method provided the engineers with a much cheaper way of making decisions (Turney, 2008, p.3). The elimination of the behavioral distortion that was inherent in the used cost accounting system helped the Tektronix Company to compete. Another sector where the ABC method was implemented and used is the business sector and offering of financial services. With most technologies, the development of the first generation methods encouraged the development of the ABC market. A large number of consulting firms started building up the ABC practices in the late 1980à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s and early 1990à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s with an introduction of the first commercially available ABC software. By the invention of this method, there was an increase in the level of profitability ratio by these consultancy firms. This was because ABC acted as a catalyst for decision making that is affecting the profitability level and was able to reveal sources of the loss that were responsible for the decline of the profitability level (Liu and Pan, 2007). The method helped the consultancy firms to develop new focus on the profitable markets and customers, design products to remove cost, and eliminate the non-value a dded activities. Activity Based Costing is being used by a number of companies in different sectors of the economy. For example, in the healthcare industry activity based costing has provided an easier way of dealing issues regarding the provision of health services and products to its citizens. Most of the hospitals like Al Mowasat Hospital, Armed Force Hospital and King Faisal Hospital have benefited so much from the technique of activity based cost management (ABM) systems (Aird, 1988). This has enabled the hospitals to improve their quality and efficiency in healthcare service provision with consideration of the cost controls and resource management. Another sector that has expressed much utilization of the ABC method in Saudi Arabia is the Oil Industry. The oil industry is faced with a high level of competition associated with higher costs. Therefore to be able to survive in this market, a firm needs to manage cost, quality, and product or service through an effective cost management method. Saudi Arabian Oil Company is one of the of the petroleum companies that has a vast petroleum reserves that is unmatched in any part of the world. For the company to survive in the competitive oil market it uses a number of systems for cost control such as, design for manufacturing, quality management and most importantly activity based costing as one of its core perspectives (Galbraith et al, 1998). Activity Based Costing has provided a new approach in solving cost management problems in many industries in Germany. For example, Market-Trading is a German enterprise that sells mainly high quality and highly furnished products to the retailers, whole sellers and even retailers. This company has implemented the model of Activity Based Costing that tries to allocate the costs to the related final products before releasing them off to the market. Through this method there has been an increased competitive advantage gained by the firm in the market of competition. This is the sector of business trading dealing with provision of goods and services. In the construction industry, there has been experienced more utilization of the ABC method by many firms. For example, the EU Solar Systems Limited brings together a unique team of fields of construction, sales, information technology and engineering. Their main products include distribution of solar panels and related solar products. Due t o the high level of costs incurred in this production process, the EU solar company manages its costs by using a well defined cost accounting system basically the ABC model (Polejewski, 1990, p.4). There are a number of issues managers in an emerging economy face when trying to implement the ABC method in a firm. One of the major issues that surround the ABC method is the difficulty of implementation. What proves difficult is the issue of allocation of property. This is because it requires a lot of effort utility and that the processes are adequately mapped throughout the organization. In the emerging economies where there is inadequate utility effort implementing the ABC model is likely to be more cumbersome. In addition to that, most of the emerging economies lack an appropriate way of approaching the implementation. Rationalizing facilities, identifying the opportunities and then conceptualizing proper solutions are a challenge to these economies due to lack of skilled manpower in the management level (RCG University, 1999). Activity Based Costing makes a lot of sense to companies that produce a varied range of products or services and those that are suffering from inaccurate costing information. For these companies the issue of implementation is not such a big challenge, this is because the effort that is required to successfully implement ABC is worth their resources. The emerging economies mostly lack large companies that offer multiple products, therefore the cost of implementing the ABC model is really a challenge to a manager of that company. Businesses are competing in an ever-changing competitive globe. Therefore companies are supposed to fully implement and apply the ABC system in order to become more productive, efficient and profitable and therefore earn a competitive advantage over other companies. This means that there is need for careful analysis done by managers before shifting into new methods and techniques of decision making. Therefore, an additional investment should be put aside for proper analysis of the different types of cost techniques (Klener and No, 1997). These additional costs are a challenge to the managers of firms in an emerging economy due to limited number of resources. There are many challenges that a manager can face when trying to implement the ABC model in the emerging economies. First there are challenges in trying to design and build a model. This challenge is more rampant in the developing economies due to lack of adequate resources available for a firm to be in a position of implementing the model with less cost burden. Updating and maintaining the model requires an additional investment or cost to the small companies. Gathering and integrating data requires a higher level of skilled personnel that is at a lower level as compared to the stable economies (Galbraith et al, 1998). Finally, reporting and disseminating the integrated data, analyzing it and coming out with relevant decisions son cost management is also another challenge to most firms. ABC model has been implemented over time by many companies that experience rising level of costs. Their main aim is to reduce costs and increase the level of productivity. However, due to some reasons some companies have reported successful implementation while others have reported problems with implementation of the systems or have rejected them. This difference occurs due to a number of varied reasons (Klener and No, 1997). Some companies that report positive feedback on the implementation of the ABC model state that some of their existing tools allow for a much quicker development of such cost management models. This ability comes from the quality of modern tools and the learning curve. This differs greatly through different industries. For those firms that have old-fashioned technology are seen to face much rejection towards implementation of the ABC model (Liu and Pan, 2007). An example of the modern technology that most up-to date firms use when implementing new cost management methods is the ABC software which is a specialized tool for the ABC method. For the ABC technique to have an impact on a companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cost management there is need of allocating time for it to be successfully implemented. Most companies allow a long duration of time for acceptance and understanding because of the associated their long learning curves. This may lead to a higher accumulation of costs as a result of the pooled up costs associated with the implementation of the cost management technique. It is also understood that changes is not something that something that people readily accept. A company will be willing to allow its objectives to grow as their understanding of the cost management technique that had been implemented in that particular organization (Klener and No, 1997). This obviously differs from one company to another thus bringing about a difference in their implementation styles. Implementation of the ABC method into a company system requires that the company to which this system is to be implemented to have the required resources and capacity to be able to accommodate the system. Companies with adequate amount of resources are at a higher probability of accommodating the changes brought about by the new implemented cost management model. This is because the adequate resources can support the additional costs that are required for successful implementation of the model. On the other hand, companies with lower amount of resources or capital base will take a long duration of time to implement the system or they might report failure in the implementation process. This is because; the new system will seem to be an additional cost towards the company which may not be accommodated by many small firms (Liu and Pan, 2007). For the success of a company in implementing the ABC model, there must be the top management perfect involvement. For a company that has top management support provides an opportunity for the success of the implementation of the ABC model. The corporate culture of the top-to-down management in the instigation of the adoption of the management innovations will determine the success of the effective cost management. For example due to the hierarchical nature of the organization and taking into consideration of high proportion of dedicated professionals determines the success of the implementation of the ABC system within the organization (Liu and Pan, 2007). Firms that report success in the implementation of the ABC model means that the model is applicable in their firms. On the other hand, for those that report failure show that the model is not applicable for their cost management systems. For example, firms that have multiple service and product provision are at a higher probability of accepting this model than firms with limited or one line of service and product provision (Dunn, 2004, p.4). Therefore, implementation of the ABC model also goes hand in hand with the applicability of the model in the company. In general, activity based costing method is beneficial to firms that want to increase their profitability level above the normal level and for those that want to manage the product associated costs more effectively. From the essay we have seen how this model has been widely used and accepted by firms in different countries and how it has assisted in proper cost management. However, for the firm to successfully use the model there is need for proper implementation process that assures the company of perfect utility of the technique. For the firms that have successfully implemented the ABC model they enjoy reduced costs, higher profit levels and better management of the product associated costs. Therefore, ABC is seen to be both a cost-increasing factor and a cost-reducing factor. But the benefits that arise from the model are far much higher such that the costs of implementing the model are not felt.